本文从定义、测度和指标三个维度回顾了农村转型的研究，并总结了农村转型的研究成果。农村转型的范围包括四个要素——生产力、乡村性、包容性和可持续性。当前农村转型维度及其相关指标的概念对于政策决策来说是不够的，因为它们缺乏客观性、可行性、责任性、全面性和可比性。未来研究制定评估发展中国家农村转型的新措施是有价值的。此外，该主题在某些方向上还有潜力进行深入研究：如城镇化战略，制度改革、政策和投资，性别平等及包容性，市场创造，和国际贸易。

过去40年，中国经历了快速的农村转型。与快速转型相伴而生的是农民家庭收入的显著增加和农村贫困人口的大幅减少。本文基于省级数据考察了农村转型（高值农业和农村非农就业）及其效果（农民人均收入和农村贫困发生率）的演变与关系。结果表明：各省都发生了显著的农村转型，但转型的水平和速度存在较大差异。此外，农村转型水平越高的省，农民收入越高、农村贫困发生率越低。需要说明的是，本文也根据高值农业和农村非农就业分析了省际农村转型的类型。本文还进一步讨论了制度、政策和投资（IPIs）对农村转型的潜在影响并总结了政策启示。

Increasing rural household income and reducing poverty rank among Indonesia’s top development priorities. Promoting rural transformation is one strategic policy framework to achieve these goals. In the last three decades, agricultural production has shifted from low-value food crops to high-value commodities, such as horticulture, estate crops, and livestock. Previous studies have analyzed rural transformation in Indonesia at the national level, but information on the magnitudes of impact across regions remains scarce. This study aims to analyze the changes in rural transformation at a regional level in the past two decades. The research utilizes secondary data from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), covering 34 provinces from 2000 to 2020, analyzed using descriptive and panel data regression analyses. The results show an increasing trend in the share of high-value agriculture (RT₁) and rural non-farm employment (RT₂). Both RT₁ and RT₂ are positively associated with the growth of rural household income and a lower poverty rate. However, the speed of structural transformation (ST), RT₁, RT₂, rural income growth, and poverty reduction vary across regions. This research implies that improving rural income and reducing poverty should be done by integrating policies, i.e., promoting highvalue agriculture and expanding rural non-farm employment. Particular attention should also be given to provinces with slow growth in ST, RT₁, RT₂, and rural household income.

Sustainable income growth and poverty reduction remain critical challenges at the forefront of research in Pakistan, particularly in rural areas. To overcome these challenges, the role of rural transformation (RT) has emerged and gained importance in recent years. The present study is based on district-level data and covers the period from 1981 to 2019. The study attempts to quantify the role of rural transformation in boosting rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty in the country. The study also aims to explore the impact of stages of rural transformation on rural per capita income and rural poverty alleviation. The empirical findings reveal that rural transformation (RT₁ and RT₂) is essential in enhancing rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty. The role of the share of high-value crops (RT₁) is more pronounced than the share of non-farm employment (RT₂) in boosting rural per capita income and poverty alleviation. The trend of larger contribution of RT₁ to enhance rural per capita income also continued at 2nd stage of rural transformation. In the case of poverty reduction, at 3rd stage of rural transformation, the role of RT₂ is dominant. Our results indicate that districts at higher stages of rural transformation (both RT₁ and RT₂) tend to correlate positively with increased rural per capita income and reduced poverty rates, suggesting that progress in rural transformation is associated with improved economic conditions. However, it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily imply a direct causal relationship between rural transformation and these economic outcomes; other factors may have influenced this relationship. In addition, the welfare impacts are more noticeable among the districts where a simultaneous shift from grain crops to cash crops and from farm employment to non-farm employment is observed. The study provides baseline information to learn experiences from fast-growing districts and to replicate the strategies in other districts, which boosts the RT process that may increase rural per capita income and enhance poverty reduction efforts.

Rural transformation can improve poverty reduction, living standards, and health outcomes in developing countries. However, impacts associated with rural transformation vary by region, household, and individual trait (including gender). While research on rural transformation has been increasing over the last decade, there has been no comprehensive review conducted on the relationships between gender and rural transformation. Here, we conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the impacts of rural transformation on gender and the influence of gender inclusiveness on rural transformation. We reviewed 82 studies from 1960–2021 that explore the relationships between rural transformation and gender. We then developed a framework that captures incidences and flow directions between indicators. Results show that most studies examined the impacts of rural transformation on women and between gender indicators. Few investigated the role of women and the influence of gender inclusiveness on rural transformation. Overall, studies showed that rural transformation typically leads to positive outcomes for women regarding employment, income, and empowerment. However, negative impacts on women’s control over income, stability of new income sources, and access to healthy food are also common. Tailoring future development policies and programs to explicitly account for gender inclusiveness can lead to more successful rural transformation.